Nursing Blog

History of Nurse Anesthetist In the United States Nurse anesthetists have been providing anesthesia care in the United States for 150 years. According to the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, nurse anesthetists are the oldest nurse specialty group in the United States. Additionally, in testament to the profession’s roots, today’s nurse anesthetists remain the primary anesthesia providers to U.S. service men and women at home and abroad. Among the first American nurses to provide anesthesia was Catherine S. Lawrence. Along with other nurses, Lawrence administered anesthesia during the American Civil War (1861–1865). The first "official" nurse anesthetist is recognized as Sister Mary Bernard, a Catholic nun who practiced in 1877 at St. Vincent's Hospital in Erie, Pennsylvania. There is evidence that up to 50 or more other Catholic sisters were called to practice anesthesia in various mid-west Catholic and Protestant hospitals throughout the last two decades of the

Areas application of psychology is the study areas where psychology can be applied. Educational psychology Educational psychology seeks to create a situation that support for students in developing academic skills, socialization, and emotions. Which aims to shape the mind set of the child. Industrial and organizational psychology Industrial psychology focuses on developing, evaluating and predicting the performance of a work that is done by the individual, whereas organizational psychology study how an organization influence and interact with members. Engineering psychology Application of psychology that deals with the interaction between humans and machines to minimize human error when dealing with the machine (human error). Clinical psychology Is a field of study psychology and also the application of psychology to understand, prevent and recover individual psychological state to the normal threshold.

Tight skin is the dream of all people, especially women. In addition to routine maintenance, you also need a balanced diet to have healthy skin. To prevent skin wrinkles, some foods are very beneficial when consumed. Most anti - wrinkle foods rich in antioxidants, which neutralize the effects of free radicals that attack collagen and elasticity of skin tissue. Some of these habits can be anti- wrinkling skin : Drink 4-6 glasses of water every day, wearing sunglasses, a hat, and sunscreen when in the sun, and of course do not smoke. Here are some foods that are beneficial for maintaining healthy skin, especially the skin to prevent wrinkles : 1. Blueberries Blueberries and other berries contain powerful antioxidants called polyphenols. Eat one serving or 1/2 cup every day, if possible choose organic berries. 2. Salmon Salmon and other cold water fish rich in omega - 3 fatty acids, which delays wrinkles by preventing inflammation and as a skin lubricant. Eat about 3 - ounce fish this typ

Bilirubin is the main product of the decomposition of old red blood cells. Bilirubin is filtered from the blood by the liver, and excreted in the bile. As the liver becomes increasingly damaged, total bilirubin increases. Most of total bilirubin metabolized, and this section referred to as the direct bilirubin. When the sections are increased, the cause is usually outside the liver. If direct bilirubin is low while high total bilirubin, this indicates damage to the liver or bile duct in the liver. Bilirubin contain dyes that give color to the dirt. If the level is very high, the skin and eyes may be yellow , resulting in symptoms of jaundice. Severe neonatal jaundice and is not administered properly can cause complications bilirubin encephalopathy. This occurs due to the binding of bilirubin acid free with a cell wall lipids neurons in the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum which leads to cell death. In infants with sepsis , hypoxia and asphyxia can cause damage to the blood-brai

Oxygen present in normal air and is very important for livelihoods and burning. Humans can breathe and work well if the air contains about 21% oxygen. In air containing 17 % oxygen, humans will breathe deeper and faster. Symptoms or due to decreased oxygen levels at 15 % is feeling uncertain, sometimes ears feel like ringing, dizziness and palpitations. The symptoms are more felt heavy with decreasing oxygen levels up to 10 %. In general, humans not to fall unconscious to the oxygen content of 13%. Symptoms or negative effects will be more severe if the oxygen level drops to 7%. Oxygen levels below 6 % , humans will experience very breathless and in a few minutes can dismiss heart rate. 6 % oxygen percentage is called the fatal point for oxygen. At a concentration of 20 % or 21 % no negative effects on humans, even pure oxygen did not show significant symptoms, provided that the pressure does not exceed the specified. For example, the " self-contained oxygen breathing apparatus &q

Together with calcium, vitamin D has long been known as a component to prevent osteoporotic fractures and maintain bone health. In some recent studies have mentioned vitamin D plays a role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. Perhaps inadvertently found a relationship that obesity is a risk factor for a number of diseases. Recent studies mention the evidence of an association between obesity and low levels of vitamin D in the body. Can not be known with certainty the cause of vitamin D deficiency, whether because they do not get enough sunlight, low dietary vitamin D or other factors. Study Wortsman et al. concluded that vitamin D deficiency due to obesity caused by a decrease in the bioavailability of vitamin D3 from food because the skin and accumulate in body fat. People who are obese will be less able to convert vitamin D into its active form. One of the functions of vitamin D has the function of helping the mobilization

Assessment of the client with herniated nucleus pulposus by Marillyn E. Doenges , 2001: 1. Activity / rest Client has a history of work that needs to lift heavy objects, sitting for long periods of driving. Requires board or hard mattress during sleep, decreased range of motion of the extremity in one part of the body. Not being able to do activities that are usually performed. Atrophy of the muscles in the body are affected and disturbances in walking. 2. Elimination Constipation, experiencing pain in defecation, presence of incontinence / urinary retention 3. Neurosensory Tingling, stiffness, weakness of limbs, decreased deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, hypotonia, tenderness / paravertebralis muscle spasms and decrease the perception of pain. 4. Pain / discomfort Pain like a knife wound that will be worsened by coughing, sneezing, crouching, lifting, defecation, lifting legs or neck flexion. Pain that there is no ending or the presence of more severe episodes of pain is intermi

Malaria is clinically characterized by paroxysmal attacks of fever, and periodic, accompanied by anemia, enlargement of the spleen and sometimes with pernicious complications such as jaundice, diarrhea, black water fever, acute tubular necrosis, and cerebral malaria. In parasitology known 4 genus Plasmodium, the clinical characteristics of different forms of the fever, namely: Plasmodium vivax , clinically known as benign tertian malaria caused the fever attacks that arise every 3 days. Plasmodium malariae , also known clinically as well as Malaria Quartana arising because of the fever attacks every 4 days. Plasmodium ovale , clinically known as Malaria ovale, with no fever typical pattern every 2-1 days. Plasmodium falciparum , clinically known as Malaria tropicana or malignant tertian malaria causes the fever attacks which usually occur every 3 days with more severe symptoms than other species of plasmodium infection. Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum

The cause of cerebral malaria is Plasmodium falciparum infection. The basis of disease of Plasmodium falciparum infection is the process of hypoxia due to obstruction of blood vessels in the organ. The mechanism of obstruction can be through a series of events, namely cytoadherence , sequestration and rosetting . Cytoadherence is ripe PRBC attach to the surface of vascular endothelium. It is known that the Plasmodium falciparum infection PRBC has the power or ability attached to other cells, the endothelial cells of blood vessels and fellow erythrocytes infected or not infected. This mechanism only occurs in capillaries and post-capillary. Rosetting is a phenomenon of attachment between the PRBC with one or more non-parasitic erythrocytes. When the bond involves more than 10 erythrocytes (PRBC and non-PRBC), then shape so as flower (rosette), so that this phenomenon is referred to as the rosetting. Sequestration . Cytoadherence mechanism in capillaries and post-capillary will cau

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is a sudden loss of blood supply to an area of the heart, causing permanent heart damage or death. There are different types of AMI, classified by the location of the actual event in the heart (e.g., inferior wall vs. anterior wall) or the type of changes seen on an electrocardiogram (ST elevation or non-ST elevation). Primary Nursing Assessment Airways Blockage or accumulation of secretions Wheezing or crackles Breathing Shortness of breath with mild activity or rest Respiration more than 24 x / min, irregular rhythm shallow Ronchi, crackles The expansion of the chest is not full Use of auxiliary respiratory muscles Circulation Weak pulse, irregular Tachycardia Blood pressure increase / decrease Edema Nervous Acral cold Pale skin, cyanosis Decreased urine output http://nursing-assessment.blogspot.com/2011/05/nursing-assessment-for-acute-myocardial.html Secondary Nursing Assessment 1. Activities Symptoms: Weakness Fatigue Can not sleep Settled lifesty