1. Type 1 Diabetes
- Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (insulin-dependent, insulin-dependent or juvenile onset), which covers approximately 10% to 20% of all cases of diabetes, is characterized by the absence of insulin secretion (Sherwood, 2001).
- Autoimmune diseases are genetically determined by the symptoms that eventually lead the immunologic destruction of insulin-producing cells. There are two subtypes: (a) autoimmune, due to autoimmune dysfunction, with the destruction of beta cells, (b) idiopathic, with no evidence of autoimmune and unknown source (Price, 2005).
- Patients produce little insulin or do not produce insulin at all (Sudoyo, 2007).
- Generally occurs before the age of 30 years, namely children and adolescents (Sudoyo, 2007).
- Scientists believe that environmental factors (such as infection or a viral infection of nutritional factors in childhood or early adulthood) causes the immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Necessary for the occurrence of this genetic predisposition (Sudoyo, 2007).
- 90% of insulin-producing cells (beta cells) suffered permanent damage. Severe shortage of insulin and patients should get regular insulin injections (Sudoyo, 2007).
2. Type 2 Diabetes
- Diabetes mellitus type 2 (non-insulin-dependent, non-insulin-dependent or maturity onset), insulin secretion may be normal or even increased, but the target cells are less sensitive to the hormone insulin compared with normal (Sherwood, 2001).
- This type of diabetes is characterized by abnormal insulin secretion and insulin action. There are also abnormalities in insulin binding to receptors (Price, 2005).
- The pancreas still produces insulin, sometimes higher than normal levels. But the body to form immunity to the effect, resulting in a relative insulin deficiency (Sudoyo, 2007).
- Can occur in children and adults, but it usually occurs after the age of 30 years (Sudoyo, 2007).
- Risk factors for type 2 diabetes is obesity which about 80-90% of patients were obese (Sudoyo, 2007).
- Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is also likely to be genetically inherited in families (Sudoyo, 2007).
3. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
- Risk factor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is old age, ethnicity, obesity, multiparity, family history and previous history of gestational diabetes (Price, 2005).
- There are two categories: primary DM and secondary DM. Primary diabetes mellitus showed no comorbidities, whereas in Secondary diabetes mellitus identified several circumstances that cause diabetes mellitus (Isselbacher, 2002).
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