Pathophysiology of Bronchitis

Pathophysiology of Bronchitis

Acute bronchitis may arise in a single attack or may arise again as an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. In the upper respiratory tract infection, usually viral, is often the beginning of acute bronchitis attacks. Doctors will diagnose chronic bronchitis if the client has a cough or sputum production for several days + 3 months in 1 year and at least 2 years in a row.

Bronchitis arise as a result of exposure to infectious agents and non-infectious (especially cigarette tobacco.) Irritants will cause an inflammatory response that will cause vasodilatation, congestion, mucosal edema and bronchospasme.

Clients with chronic bronchitis will experience:
  1. Increasing the size and number of mucous glands in the large bronchi, which will increase mucus production.
  2. More viscous mucus.
  3. Cilliary malfunctions which could reduce mucus clearance mechanisms. Therefore, "mucocilliary defense" of lung damage and increase the propensity for infection. When infections occur, mucous glands will be in hypertrophy and hyperplasia. so that will increase mucus production.
  4. Inflamed and thickened bronchial wall (often up to twice the normal thickness) and disrupt the flow of air. This thick mucus along with a lot of mucus production will inhibit the flow of air several small and large airways to narrow. Chronic bronchitis initially affect only the major bronchus, but usually the entire respiratory tract will be exposed.
  5. Mucus is thick and bronchus enlargement will obstruct the airway, especially during expiration. Colaps airway experience, and air trapped in the distal part of the lung. This obstruction causes a decrease in alveolar ventilation, hypoxia and acidosis.
  6. Clients tissue oxygen deficiency; ratio ventilation perfusion abnormalities arise, where a decline in PaO2. Damage to ventilation may also increase the value of PaCO2.
  7. Clients visible cyanosis. As compensation of hipoxemia, then there polycythaemia (overproduction of erythrocytes). At the time of disease become heavy, which produced a number of black sputum, usually due to pulmonary infection.
  8. During infection is reduced in FEV client with an increase in RV and FRC. If the problem is not addressed, hypoxemia will occur that ultimately lead cast pulmonary disease and CHF.

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