Signs and Symptoms of Aging Process


Signs and Symptoms According Patricia Gonce Morton et al, 2011 are:

1. Organic Change
  • The amount of connective tissue and collagen increases.
  • Cellular elements of the nervous system, muscles, and other vital organs disappears.
  • The number of cells whose normal function decline.
  • The amount of fat increases.
  • The use of oxygen decreases.
  • During rest, the amount of blood that is pumped decreases.
  • The amount of air the lungs expired less.
  • Hormone excretion declined.
  • Sensory and perceptual activity decreased.
  • The absorption of fat, protein, and carbohydrates decreased.
  • Thicken the arterial lumen.
2. Nervous System
Signs:
  • A decrease in the number of neurons and an increase in the size and number of neuroglial cells.
  • Decrease nerves and nerve fibers.
  • Atrophy of the brain and an increase in dead space in the cranium.
  • Thickening of the leptomeninges in the spinal cord.
Symptoms:
  • Increased risk of neurological problems; cerebrovascular injury, parkinsonism.
  • Conduction of nerve fibers across the synapse more slowly.
  • Decrease in short-term memory with a moderate degree.
  • Gait disturbance patterns; dilated leg, short step, and bend forward.
  • Increased risk of hemorrhage before symptoms appear.
3. Hearing Systems:
Signs:
  • Loss of auditory neurons.
  • Hearing loss from high frequency to low frequency.
  • Increased cerumen.
  • Angiosclerosis ear.
Symptoms:
  • Decrease in hearing acuity and social isolation (in particular, decreased ability to hear consonants).
  • Hard of hearing, especially when there is background noise that interfere with, or when a quick conversation.
  • Cerumen impaction can cause hearing loss.
4. Vision System
Signs:
  • A decrease in the function of stem cells and cone cells.
  • Stacking pigment.
  • A decrease in the speed of eye movements.
  • Ciliary muscle atrophy.
  • An increase in the size of the lens and lens yellowing.
  • A decrease in tear secretion.
Symptoms:
  • A decrease in visual acuity, field of vision, and adaptation to light / dark.
  • Increased sensitivity to glare.
  • An increased incidence of glaucoma.
  • Depth perception disturbances with an increased incidence of falls.
  • Less able to distinguish between blue, green, and violet.
  • Increased dryness and irritation of the eyes.
5. Cardiovascular System
Signs:
  • Atrophy of muscle fibers endocardial lining.
  • Atherosclerotic blood vessels.
  • An increase in systolic blood pressure.
  • A decrease in left ventricular compliant.
  • A decrease in the number of pacemaker cells.
  • A decrease in sensitivity to baroreceptors.
Symptoms:
  • Increased blood pressure.
  • Increased emphasis on atrial contraction with S4 sounds.
  • Increased arrhythmias.
  • Increased risk of hypotension in a change of position.
  • Valsalva maneuver may cause a drop in blood pressure.
  • A decrease in tolerance.

6. Respiratory System
Signs:
  • A decrease in the elasticity of the lung tissue.
  • Calcification of the chest wall.
  • Atrophy of the cilia.
  • A decrease in respiratory muscle strength.
  • A decrease in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2).
Symptoms:
  • A decrease in the efficiency of ventilation exchange.
  • Increased susceptibility to infection and atelectasis.
  • Increased risk of aspiration.
  • Decrease in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia ventilation.
  • Increased sensitivity to narcotics.
7. Gastrointestinal System
Signs:
  • Decrease in liver size.
  • A decrease in muscle tone in the intestines.
  • Esophageal emptying more slowly.
  • A decrease in gastric acid secretion.
  • Atrophy of the mucosal lining.
Symptoms:
  • Changes in intake due to decreased appetite.
  • Discomfort after eating because of the way the food is slowing.
  • A decrease in the absorption of calcium and iron.
  • Increased risk of constipation, esophageal spasm, and diverticular disease.

8. Urinary system
Signs:
  • A decrease in renal mass.
  • No glomerulus.
  • A decrease in the number of functioning nephrons.
  • Changes in the walls of small blood vessels.
  • A decrease in muscle tone of the bladder.
Symptoms:
  • GFR decline.
  • Decreased ability to sodium savings.
  • Increased BUN.
  • A decrease in renal blood flow.
  • Decrease in bladder capacity and an increase in residual urine.
  • Increased urgency.
9. Skin Integumentary System
Signs:
  • Thickness loss of dermis and epidermis.
  • Leveling papilla.
  • Atrophy of the sweat glands.
  • Decrease in vascularization.
  • Cross-linked collagen.
  • The absence of sub-cutaneous fat.
  • A decrease in melanocytes.
  • A decrease in proliferation and fibroblasts.
Symptoms:
  • Thinning of the skin and prone to tearing.
  • Drought and pruritus.
  • Decrease perspiration and the body's ability to regulate heat.
  • Improvement of wrinkles and skin laxity.
  • The absence of fat pads that protect the bones and cause pain.
  • The longer the wound healing.
10. Endocrine System
Signs:
  • A decrease in testosterone, growth hormone, insulin, androgens, aldosterone, thyroid hormone.
  • Decrease in thermoregulation.
  • Decrease the fever response.
  • An increase in thyroid nodularity and fibrosis.
  • A decrease in basal metabolic rate.
Symptoms:
  • Decreased ability to tolerate stressors such as surgery.
  • Decrease sweating and shivering and temperature regulation.
  • A decrease in insulin response, glucose tolerance.
  • A decrease in renal tubule sensitivity to antidiuretic hormone.
  • Weight gain.
  • Increased incidence of thyroid disease.

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