Nursing Blog

Nursing intervention with rationale 1. Continually assess motor function, as spinal shock and spinal cord edema resolves, by requesting client to perform certain actions, such as shrug shoulders, spread fingers, and squeeze and release examiner’s hands. Rationale: Continuous motor function assessment helps determine appropriate interventions for the specific motor impairment. 2. Provide means to summon help, such as special sensitive call light. Rationale: Promotes the client’s sense of control and reduces fear of being left alone. Note: Ventilator-dependent tetraplegic client may require continuous observation for timely interventions. 3. Perform or assist with full range of motion (ROM) exercises on all extremities using slow, smooth movements. Include periodic hip hyperextension. Rationale: ROM exercises enhance circulation, restore or maintain muscle tone and joint mobility, and prevent disuse contractures and muscle atrophy. 4. Position arms at 90-degree angle at regular intervals

School physical education programs offer the best opportunity to provide physical activity to all children and to teach them the skills and knowledge needed to establish and sustain an active lifestyle. Quality physical education offers learning opportunities, appropriate instruction, meaningful and challenging content. Recommended physical education program structure includes: Instruction periods totaling 150 minutes per week (elementary) and 225 minutes per week (middle and high school) Sequential curriculum of progressively more advanced skills and movement Qualified physical education teachers providing a developmentally appropriate program Teacher/student ratio in physical education no greater than 1:25 (elementary) and (1:30 middle/high) for optimal instruction (similar to other classroom settings) Full inclusion of all students, including those who are not athletically gifted and appropriate activities for children with disabilities Physical activity should never be used as pun

Physical Education in Schools - Both Quality and Quantity are Important A Statement from the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association on Physical Education Daily quality physical education in the nation’s schools is an important part of a student’s comprehensive, well-rounded education program and a means of positively affecting life-long health and well-being. The optimal physical education program will foster a lifetime commitment to physical activity as part of a healthy lifestyle. Ultimately, improved coordinated school health programs, of which physical education is a central component, will augment other prevention efforts and help to reverse the growing epidemic of childhood obesity which threatens to undo decades of progress in the fight against cardiovascular and other diseases. Effective efforts made now will help children avoid a lifetime of chronic disease and disability.

Physical Education Physical education (often abbreviated Phys. Ed. or P.E.) or gymnastics (gym or gym class) is a course taken during primary and secondary education that encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting. Physical Education has 5 components: Cardiovascular Fitness is the ability of the heart, lungs and vascular system to deliver oxygen-rich blood to working to working muscles during sustained physical activity. Muscular Strength is the amount force a muscle or group of muscles can exert against a heavy resistance. Muscular Endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeat a movement many times or hold a particular position for an extended period of time. Flexibility is a degree to which an individual muscle will lengthen. ody Composition is the amount of fat in the body compared to the amount of lean mass. Wikipedia

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung, usually caused by an infection. Three common causes are bacteria, viruses and fungi. You can also get pneumonia by accidentally inhaling a liquid or chemical. People most at risk are older than 65 or younger than 2 years of age, or already have health problems. If you have pneumonia, you may have difficulty breathing and have a cough and a fever. A physical exam and history can help determine if you have pneumonia. Chest x-rays and blood tests can help determine what is wrong. Treatment depends on what made you sick. If bacteria are the cause, antibiotics should help. Viral pneumonia may get better with rest and drinking liquids. Preventing pneumonia is always better than treating it. The best preventive measures include washing your hands frequently, not smoking, and wearing a mask when cleaning dusty or moldy areas. There is a vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia, a bacterial infection which accounts for up to a quarter of all pneumonias. Pneu

NANDA Definition : Insufficient physiological or psychological energy to endure or complete required or desired daily activities Most activity intolerance is related to generalized weakness and debilitation secondary to acute or chronic illness and disease. This is especially apparent in elderly patients with a history of orthopedic, cardiopulmonary, diabetic, or pulmonary- related problems. The aging process itself causes reduction in muscle strength and function, which can impair the ability to maintain activity. Activity intolerance may also be related to factors such as obesity, malnourishment, side effects of medications (e.g., Beta-blockers), or emotional states such as depression or lack of confidence to exert one’s self. Nursing goals are to reduce the effects of inactivity, promote optimal physical activity, and assist the patient to maintain a satisfactory lifestyle. NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification) Suggested NOC Labels Activity Tolerance Energy Conservation K

Nursing Diagnosis for Cesarean Section Pain related to postoperative wound Definition for Acute Pain : Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage (International Association for the Study of Pain); sudden or slow onset of any intensity from mild to severe with an anticipated or predictable end and a duration of less than 6 months Subjective data: from patient usually Verbal report of pain Objective data: Observed evidence of pain, protective gestures avoid pain, Change in muscle tone, Expressive; restlessness, moaning, crying, vigilance, irritability, sighing. Definition for Chronic Pain : NANDA Definition: Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the person says it does, an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage; sudden or slow onset of any intensity from mild to severe, constant or r

Providing the primary care for an elder loved one can be difficult. When you cannot deliver all the elder care yourself and support from friends, family, and community organizations is not enough, it may be useful to hire a home health care worker. He or she can offer care from a few hours a week to 24 hours a day, and can provide many other helpful services. Types of in-home health care services include: General Health Management like administration of medication or other medical treatments Personal care such as bathing, oral hygiene, dressing, and shaving Nutrition help like preparing meals, assisting eating, and grocery shopping Homemaking services including laundry, dishwashing, and light housework Companionship for example reading to the senior or taking them on walks Recruiting and Interviewing Applicants There are many avenues for hiring a home health care employee. Generally, home health care workers can be hired directly or through an agency. Home health care agencies often ha

Home Health Care Nursing Information and Overview Home health care is allowing the patient and their family to maintain dignity and independence. According to the National Association for Home Care, there are more than 7 million individuals in the United States in need of home health care nurse services because of acute illness, long term health problems, permanent disability or terminal illness. Home Health Care Basics Nurses practice in a number of venues: Hospital settings, nursing homes, assisted living centers, and home health care. Home health care nursing is a growing phenomenon as more patients and their families desire to receive care in their homes. The history of home health care stems from Public Health Nursing where public health nurses made home visits to promote health education and provide treatment as part of community outreach programs. Today academic programs train nurses in home care and agencies place home health care nurses with ailing individuals and their famili

Lately, the earth is undergoing a change in temperature, causing changes in the weather becomes more erratic, the air humidity was increased. Direct sunlight through our skin. Ultra violet light is absorbed our skin is greatly increased. Regeneration of the skin will be more active. At this time we should be more care for our skin, so that the skin condition is maintained, preventing premature aging and maintain healthy skin. How do I treat the skin facing the weather changes? Here are some tips for skin care for face and body: Tip-1: Clean the skin gently If the skin is not washed clean, then the pile of dead skin cells will grow thicker, blackheads and acne, it disturb the absorption of vitamins & nutrients for the skin. Therefore, keeping the skin clean is the main thing. To clean facial skin, choose a facial cleanser that does not cause skin alergy on face, do not contain harmful chemicals and in accordance with your skin type. Besides skin cleanser also adjust to the circumsta

Product Description Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures provides a comprehensive compendium of the approaches cosmetic dermatolgists can apply for their patients. It is structured by use within a daily routine so the dermatologist can provide a complete solution for their patients. It reviews skin physiology and the delivery systems of cosmetics, and how they affect the skin. It then looks sequentially at hygiene products for cleaning and mositurizing the skin, adornment products for colouring before looking at antiaging techniques for rejuvenating the skin and their applications as therapeutics. Using short, tightly focused chapters written by recognized experts, Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures Covers cosmetic applications for hygiene, adornment and antiaging Reviews the full range of cosmetic products and procedures Provides both therapeutic and aesthetic applications Comprises concise, highly focused chapters enabling the reader to gather a th

Product Description Fashion today is fast-paced, technologically savvy, and global and this third edition of The Dynamics of Fashion has been updated to be on the cutting edge. Featuring a new chapter on the history of fashion, the latest facts and figures, and the most current theories in fashion development, production, and merchandising, this book provides a broad foundation for students hoping to become a part of the industry. Apparel, accessories, cosmetics, home fashions, green design, and more are explored in detail. Hundreds of examples make the business aspect fun. Fresh, forward, challenging, and comprehensive, Elaine Stone's classic text is for those in fashion who want to be both in the now and in the know. About the Author Elaine Stone is professor emerita at the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) and founder of the Enterprise Center at FIT, a business training resource for fashion industry professionals, designers, and artists. A member of the college's Fashion

Review Asian Beauty Secrets by Dr. Jhin reveals concepts and beauty treatments that are not only unique, but also easily attainable. I love the Korean concept of "outer radiance depends on inner harmony." As a dermatologist, I am also impressed by her real skin solution treatments and trends. This is truly a "beautiful" book! --Debra B. Luftman, M.D., Beverly Hills Dermatologist and Co-Author of The Beauty Prescription What a fascinating and enlightening book Dr. Jhin has given us. Asian Beauty Secrets reveals why centuries-old customs have withstood the test of time; it explains how nurturing inner beauty enhances outer beauty, and it offers sensible, natural approaches to achieving the beauty of the ages Asian beauty. There is nothing radical here, just some of the most effective and sometimes surprising beauty tips you will ever find. --Spencer Christian, Weatherman/Host ABC TV In Asian Beauty Secrets, Dr. Marie Jhin draws on her experience as a dermatologist and

Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder in which the nerve cells of the brain are destroyed and the brain substance shrinks. It is a severe disorder of cognition and widespread brain atrophy that is receiving increase attention. The disease is the most common form of dementia (disorder of the mental processes) which, over a period of years, leads to a gradual decline in all areas of personal, mental, and intellectual ability. This accounts for memory loss, the disease’s primary feature. The course of the disease is different for each individual but may last for 2-20 years (the average being 5-10 years), and is not part of the normal aging process. A person who has Alzheimer’s disease and their significant others need a lot of support to safely manage the person at home for as long as possible. Here are some guidelines for the care of a person with Alzheimer’s disease : Stabilizing Environment: Establish definite routines for care, patter

Nursing Diagnosis Imbalanced Nutrition less Than Body Requirements related to excessive nausea and vomiting . Nursing Interventions : Restrict oral intake until the vomiting stops. Rationale: Maintain fluid balance and elektfolit, and prevent further vomiting. Give the anti-emetic drugs are programmed with a low dose Rationale: Preventing vomiting and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Maintain fluid therapy can be saved. Rationale: Correction of hypovolemia and electrolyte balance Record intake and output. Rationale: Determining hydration fluids through vomiting and spending. Encourage to eat small meals but often Rational: Can adequate intake of nutrients your body needs Advise to avoid fatty foods Rational: to stimulate nausea and vomiting Encourage to eat a snack such as crackers, bread and the (hot) warm before waking up at noon and before bed Rational: snack can reduce or prevent nausea, vomiting, excessive excitatory Inspection of irritation or Iesi the mouth. Rational: To

Some claimed that, the feeling of nausea is the result of increased estrogen levels, therefore this complaint occurred in the first trimester. Psychological influence of estrogen is unclear, possibly derived from the central nervous system or due to reduced gastric emptying. Adjustment occurs in most pregnant women, though nausea and vomiting can last for months. Hyperemesis garavidarum which is a complication of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy, when persistent can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance with hipokloremik alkalosis. Unclear why this phenomenon occurs only at a fraction of women, but psychological factors are the main factors, in addition to hormonal factors. Clearly the woman before pregnancy had suffered with symptoms of spastic stomach does not like to eat and nausea, will experience severe emesis gravidarum. Hyperemesis gravidarum can lead to carbohydrate and fat reserves used up for energy purposes. Because fat oxidation is not perfect, there ketosis

When HG is severe and/or inadequately treated, it may result in: Loss of 5% or more of pre-pregnancy body weight Dehydration, causing ketosis and constipation Nutritional deficiencies Metabolic imbalances Altered sense of taste Sensitivity of the brain to motion Food leaving the stomach more slowly Rapidly changing hormone levels during pregnancy Stomach contents moving back up from the stomach Physical and emotional stress of pregnancy on the body Subconjunctival hemorrhage (broken blood vessels in the eyes) Difficulty with daily activities Hallucinations Some women with HG lose as much as 30% of their body weight. Many sufferers of HG are extremely sensitive to odors in their environment; certain smells may exacerbate symptoms. This is known as hyperolfaction. Ptyalism, or hypersalivation, is another symptom experienced by some women suffering from HG. As compared to morning sickness, HG tends to begin somewhat earlier in the pregnancy and last significantly longer. While most women

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. Nursing Diagnosis for Cholera Deficient fluid volume related to excessive fluid loss through the stool or emesis Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to loss of fluids through diarrhea, inadequate intake Risk for infection related to microorganisms that penetrate the gastrointestinal tract. Impaired Skin Integrity: perianal, related to irritation from diarrhea Anxiety related to separation from parents, unfamiliar environment, a stressful procedure. Interrupted Family Processes related to crisis situations, lack of knowledge about diseases, treatment of clients.

Heart failure (HF), often used to mean chronic heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the needs of the body. The terms congestive heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are often used interchangeably with chronic heart failure. Symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, when lying down, and at night while sleeping. There is often a limitation on the amount of exercise people can perform, even when well treated. Nursing Intervention ForHeart Failure Assess cardiovascular status, vital sign and hemodynamic variable to detect signs of reduced cardiac output. Assess respiratory status to detect increasing fluid in the lungs and respiratory failure. Keep the client in semi-fowler's position to increase chest expansion and improve ventilation. Administer medication as prescribed, to enhance cardiac performanc

Vibrio Cholerae Vibrio cholerae (also Kommabacillus) is a gram negative comma-shaped bacterium with a polar flagellum that causes cholera in humans. V. cholerae and other species of the genus Vibrio belong to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. There are two major biotypes of V. cholerae identified by hemagglutination testing, classical and El Tor, and numerous serogroups. The classical biotype is found only in Bangladesh, whereas the El Tor is found throughout the world. V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently thirty years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease. (wikipedia)

Typhoid fever is a serious, contagious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi. The organism enters through the gastrointestinal tract and spreads through the circulatory system (bacteremia), inflaming the lining (intestinal mucosa) of the small and large intestines. Severe cases can lead to delirium or coma, and may be life-threatening. Typhoid bacteria are shed in the feces and urine of infected individuals. Inadequate hand washing after defecation or urination can contaminate food and water supplies. Rarely, domestic animals may serve as a reservoir for paratyphoid. Flies may spread the disease from feces to food, causing epidemics in areas with poor sanitation practices. Hospital workers who do not follow the hospital's sterile procedures can be infected through the soiled linens of infected individuals. Although some infected individuals do not develop actual symptoms, they are still capable of spreading the disease to others (carriers). In the U

What are the symptoms of typhoid fever? The incubation period is usually one to two weeks, and the duration of the illness is about four to six weeks. The patient experiences poor appetite; abdominal pain; headaches; generalized aches and pains; fever, often up to 104 F; lethargy (usually only if untreated); intestinal bleeding or perforation (after two to three weeks of the disease); diarrhea or constipation. People with typhoid fever usually have a sustained fever as high as 103 F-104 F (39 C-40 C). Chest congestion develops in many patients, and abdominal pain and discomfort are common. The fever becomes constant. Improvement occurs in the third and fourth week in those without complications. About 10% of patients have recurrent symptoms (relapse) after feeling better for one to two weeks. Relapses are actually more common in individuals treated with antibiotics. Source : http://www.medicinenet.com

by: Carl Payne If you suffer from a Tinnitus, then you know that finding an effective Tinnitus treatment would be tantamount to finding a pot of gold. The condition can bring you to the point where seemingly all you want out of life itself is a few shining moments of blissful, peaceful silence. The one problem? It seems most Tinnitus treatments are pretty hit and miss. Of course, every person's body is different, so all treatments are going to have a certain element of "your mileage may vary" built into them. However, each of the top ten treatments do have their group of supporters who say that it was this method that was able to finally give them that blessed silence. Let's take a look at what the top ten treatments for Tinnitus are: 1) White Noise - In some peoples' experience, white noise can block out the ringing effects of tinnitus, effectively canceling it out, so to speak. The problem with this approach is that, even if it works as promised, it's a logi

by: Jasper Conan Poor eating habits do come with a price! What you get is not just an oversized body, but possibly a host of other concomitant diseases that will leave you feeling lethargic. Surely this is something you do not wish to see in your child, for their learning capacity in the earlier years is enormously powerful and therefore they should be in good health to make the most during these vital years. With this in mind, it is of paramount importance that as a parent, you take a proactive approach to instilling good eating habits in your child. It is common that children usually have the habit of choosing foods. This is a normal part of growing up. Most choosy eaters aged between one and a half up to five. Parents need to ensure that they develop healthy eating habits during these years for otherwise they will find it hard to alter their unhealthy eating habits when they grow up. Below are some tips to handle choosy eaters and encourage healthy eating habits. 1. Always let your

by: Karen Williams Choosing a nursing career can be a difficult choice for many who want to enter the nursing field. There are hundreds of various specialized fields for nurses depending on what they are interested in and what they find they can do when they are in nursing school. Some nurses discover that they simply can not work with children because it is too sad when they are terminally ill while others enjoy making these same kids as comfortable and as happy as they can towards the end of their life. Other nursing student enters into a field because a family or friend has suffered years from a debilitating disease and they want to know how to comfort and ease their suffering. Nursing careers could start out in a clinic or doctors office and might not be exactly what an individual expected. There might be too much office politics or insurance 'red-tape' that prevents them from what they feel is the proper care for the patients. These nurses may be better suited for a positi

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Brain tumors include all tumors inside the skull or in the central spinal canal. They are created by an abnormal and Uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the brain Itself (neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, myelin-producing Schwann cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nervous, in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland, or spread from cancers primarily located in other organs (metastatic tumors). Impaired Gas Exchange related to neuromuscular dysfunction (loss of control of respiratory muscles) Characterized by: changes in depth of breath, dyspnea, airway obstruction, aspiration. Goal : Impaired gas exchange can be resolved Nursing Intervention for Brain Tumor Clear the airway Monitor vital signs Monitor the breathing pattern, breath sounds Monitor blood gases penururnan Blood gas analysis Collaboration Oxygenation Nursing Diagnosis for Brain Tumor Acute Pain : the head related to increased intra-

Meningitis Meningitis is a bacterial infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges) Signs of meningitis as follows: fever headache stiff neck photophobia and vomiting confused (possible) Assessment – Emergency Nursing Care Plan Meningitis Always use the ABCDE approach to assessment Airway Make sure the airway clearance Prepare tools to facilitate the airway if necessary If there is a decrease in respiratory function immediately contact an anesthesiologist and treated in the ICU Breathing Assess respiratory rate – less than 8 or over 30 is a significant sign. Assess oxygen saturation Perform blood gas Give oxygen via non re-breath mask Chest auscultation Make checks thoracic photo Circulation Assess heart rate – more than 100 or less than 40 x / min is a significant sign Monitoring blood pressure Check the capillary refill time Attach infusion using a large cannula Attach Catheterization Check the lab for complete blood, urine, electrolyte Perform blood culture