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Showing posts from July, 2011

Treatment of Angina Pectoris

Treatment of Angina Pectoris When a patient is diagnosed with angina pectoris via a non invasive procedure, the next step is to perform a coronary angiogram. A coronary angiogram is a blood vessel x-ray used to determine the source of the angina pectoris . Depending on the results, the doctor will recommend coronary artery bypass graft, treatment with medication or angioplasty. Angioplasty is a surgery to clear blocked blood vessels. When a patient is diagnosed and hospitalized with unstable angina – recently being referred to as ‘high risk acute coronary syndromes’, resting ischemia ECG or raised cardiac enzymes a coronary angiography is performed almost straight away. Treatment of angina pectoris is mainly directed at pain relief, reduction of recurring episodes and slowing of the progression of the disease which in some cases can lead to heart attacks and death. One aspirin ingested at 75mg to 100 mg per day is recommended to all patients with a stable angina pectoris. Nitroglyceri

Pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy can be termed as a static encephalopathy caused by an insult to the brain of the newborn baby during the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal period. Cerebral palsy is a group of chronic disorders impairing control of movement. Cerebral palsy is generally caused by the faulty development or damage to motor areas in the brain that disrupts the brain's ability to control movement and posture. The symptoms of the cerebral palsy vary in terms of severity. The main symptoms of the cerebral palsy include difficulty with normal motor tasks such as writing or using scissors, difficulty in walking and imbalanced pasture. Cerebral palsy normally do not get worsen over the time. Cerebral palsy can lead to global dysfunction but always includes motor problems. Pathophysiology of Cerebral Palsy There are mainly four types of cerebral palsy based on the movement dysfunction. First is Spastic cerebral palsy in which the sudden, involuntary movements are seen in the patient. These mov

Ineffective Airway Clearance - Empyema Nursing Care Plan

Ineffective Airway Clearance - Empyema Nursing Care Plan Nursing Diagnosis Ineffective airway clearance related to : bronchus spsame, increased production of secretions, weakness Objectives: Effective Airway Clearance Characteristics: Verbally expressed difficulty in breathing Use of auxiliary respiratory muscles Wheezing, Ronchi, cracles Cough (persistent) with / without sputum production Expected Results : The sound of breathing clean Effective Cough Wheezing (-), Ronchii (-) Cracles (-) Nursing Intervention and Rational for Ineffective Airway Clearance - Empyema Nursing Care Plan 1. Auscultation of breath sounds: note the presence of breath sounds, assess and monitor breathing sounds R /: To determine the presence of airway obstruction, tachipneu a degree found the process of acute infection. 2. Assess the frequency of respiratory R /: The process of acute infection (tachipnea) 3. Note the presence or degree of dyspnoea, restlessness, anxiety, and respiratory distress R /: respira

Nursing Management of Cystitis

Nursing Management of Cystitis Nursing management of patients with Cystitis is aimed at reducing pain and discomfort, reduction of urinary frequency, urgency and hesitancy, increased knowledge about prevention and treatment modalities as well as the absence of complications pootensial. Reducing pain and discomfort Pain and discomfort can be reduced quickly when antimicrobial therapy is initiated, antispasmodic agents helps to reduce bladder irritability and pains, aspirin, heating perineum and hot baths help reduce discomfort and spasms. Reduced frequency (frequent urination), urgency and hesitancy Patients are encouraged to drink freely of fluid (water is the best option) to support the renal blood flow and to flush the bacteria from the urinary tract, the fluid that can irritate the bladder (eg: coffee, tea, alcohol) is avoided. Patient education Patients must receive detailed instructions: Reducing the concentration of pathogens in the vaginal orifice (especially in women) through

Clinical Manifestations of Cystitis

Half of the patients found to have bacteria in the urine (bacteriuria) does not show symptoms. Signs and symptoms of cystitis include frequent pain and burning sensation when urinating, sometimes accompanied by spasms in the bladder and suprapubic area hematuria and back pain can also occur. While in non-infectious type is characterized by fever, irritable voiding symptoms (frequent urination, nocturia, urgency, feeling depressed at the suprapubic area, pain when the bladder is full) and primarily characterized by loss of bladder capacity. Pain may occur in the abdomen or perineum, or spread to the groin. In patients with Cystitis , these symptoms often appear : Dysuria Heartburn as a burning sensation during urination There is pain in the lower spine Urgency (a sense of urgency when urinating) Nocturia (frequent urination tended at night due to decreased bladder capacity) Emptying of the bladder is not perfect Incontinence Retention Supra pubic pain

Management / Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks synovial joints. The process produces an inflammatory response of the synovium (synovitis) secondary to hyperplasia of synovial cells, excess synovial fluid, and the development of pannus in the synovium. The pathology of the disease process often leads to the destruction of articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis can also produce diffuse inflammation in the lungs, pericardium, pleura, and sclera, and also nodular lesions, most common in subcutaneous tissue. Although the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, autoimmunity plays a pivotal role in both its chronicity and progression, and RA is considered a systemic autoimmune disease. Management / Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis Because the exact cause of Rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, there is no causative treatment that can cure this disease. This should really

Physical Examination for patients with Hydatidiform Mole

Molar pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy, wherein a non-viable, fertilized egg implants in the uterus, and thereby converts normal pregnancy processes into pathological ones. It is characterized by the presence of a hydatidiform mole (or hydatid mole, mola hydatidosa). Molar pregnancies are categorized into partial and complete moles. Physical Examination for patients with Hydatidiform Mole Inspection Inspection is a systematic process of observation is not limited to vision but also includes the sense of hearing and smell. Observe the skin of color, discoloration, lacerations, lesions of the drainage, the depth of our breathing patterns and symmetry, body language, movement and posture, use of the limb, the presence of physical limitations, and so on. Palpation Palpation is touching or pressing the outer surface of the body with fingers. The touch: felt a swelling, record temperature, humidity and degree of skin texture or to determine the strength of uterine contractions.

Diphtheria - Clinical Manifestations, Complication, Prevention

Diphtheria Clinical manifestations Diphtheria nose: cold blood mixed with secretions. Mild constitutional symptoms. Pharyngeal and tonsillar diphtheria (fausial): there is an acute inflammation of the throat, fever up to 38.5 ° C, tachycardia, seem weak, bad breath, swelling of regional lymph (bull neck). Membrane can be white, dirty gray, or gray-green with a slightly raised edge. When the membrane was appointed there will be bleeding. However, this procedure is contraindicated because it accelerates the absorption of toxins. Laryngeal diphtheria: the toughest kind, there afonia, tightness, stridor inspiration, fever to 40 ° C, very weak, cyanosis, bull neck. Cutaneous diphtheria and vaginal: ulcerative lesions with membrane formation. The lesions are persistent and often anesthesia. Diphtheria Complication Airway: airway obstruction, bronchopneumonia, pulmonary atelectasis. Cardiovascular: myocarditis caused by germ toxins. Urogenital: nephritis. Nervous system: paralysis / paresis p

Definition and Causes of Diphtheria

Diphtheria (Tropical Infectious Diseases in Children) Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by germs suddenly Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Contagious and attacks mainly the upper airway with the typical signs of pseudomembranous and the release of exotoxin that can cause symptoms of general and local. Transmission is generally through the air, a droplet infection, but it can be through contaminated food or objects. Period of 2-7 days bud. Causes Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive bacteria are polymorphs, not moving, and do not form spores. There are three types of basil, which is the form of gravis, mitis, and intermedius. Basil can be formed: pseudomembranous difficult lifted, bleed easily, and grayish-white color that covers the affected area; composed of fibrin, leukocytes, necrotic tissue, and basil. exotoxin is highly malignant and can poison the network after a few hours absorbed and provides a typical picture of the network changes, especially in cardiac muscle,

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder

Clinical Manifestations of Adjustment Disorder Up to three months may be found to stressors and the development of symptoms. Symptoms do not always disappear immediately after the stressor disappeared. If the stressor persists, the disorder may become chronic. Disruption can occur at any age. Symptoms vary widely, with depression, anxiety, and mixed disorders are most frequently in adults. Manifestations also include attacking behavior and speeding, drink excessively, escaping from legal liability, and withdrew. Clinical presentation can vary widely, in the form of anxiety, depression, behavioral disturbances, a mixture of emotions and conduction disturbances, as well as mixed anxiety and depression. Diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder Diagnosis depends on evaluation of the relationship between: form, content, and severity of symptoms previous history or pattern of personality event, stressful situation, or life crisis The existence of the three factors above must have a clear and compell

Adjustment Disorders Definition and Treatment

Adjustment Disorders Definition Adjustment disorder maladaptive reaction to short-term is the so-called ordinary people as a personal misfortune or the so-called psychiatric clinicians as psychosocial stressors. Etiology Adjustment disorder triggered by one or more stressors. Severity of stressors does not always predict the severity of disturbance. Psychoanalytic research has emphasized the role of mother and child rearing environment. Core in understanding the nature of adjustment disorder is a stressor, conscious and unconscious meanings of stressors, and vulnerability of the patient. Treatment Psychotherapy remains the treatment of choice for adjustment disorders. Group therapy can be very useful. This type of brief therapy, crisis intervention intended to assist people with adjustment disorders resolve the situation quickly with supportive techniques, suggestions, penentraman, environmental modifications, and even hospitalization. Flexibility is important in this approach. Patien

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) Definition, Causes and Symptoms

Acute stress disorder (ASD) Definition Acute stress disorder (ASD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by a cluster of dissociative and anxiety symptoms that occur within a month of a traumatic stressor. It is a relatively new diagnostic category and was added to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) in 1994 to distinguish time-limited reactions to trauma from the farther-reaching and longer-lasting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Published by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM contains diagnostic criteria, research findings, and treatment information for mental disorders. It is the primary reference for mental health professionals in the United States. Causes The immediate cause of ASD is exposure to trauma—an extreme stressor involving a threat to life or the prospect of serious injury; witnessing an event that involves the death or serious injury of another person; or learning of the violent death or serious i

All About Nurses

Nanda Nanda Nursing Diagnosis List 2011 List of NANDA Nursing diagnosis Accepted for Use and Research Divided into 13 domains and 47 classes, below the full list of 13 Domains and 47 classes NANDA Nursing diagnosis. And complete list of NANDA Nursing diagnosis based on alphabetical order.Domains Health PromotionsHealth awarenessHealth managementDomains nutrition’singestiondigestionAbsorptionMetabolismHydrationDomains Elimination/exchangeUrinary SystemGastrointestinal... Nanda Nursing Diagnosis 2008 Source: NANDA Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 2007–2008. Philadelphia: North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. Used with permission.Activity IntoleranceActivity Intolerance,Risk for Airway Clearance,Ineffective AnxietyAnxiety, DeathAspiration, Risk forAttachment, Parent/Infant/Child, Risk for ImpairedAutonomic Dysreflexia Autonomic Dysreflexia, Risk for Blood Glucose, Risk for Unstable Body Image, DisturbedBody... Nursing Care Plan Nursing Care Plan Ineffective Airwa

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis 2008

Source: NANDA Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 2007–2008. Philadelphia: North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. Used with permission. Activity Intolerance Activity Intolerance, Risk for Airway Clearance, Ineffective Anxiety Anxiety, Death Aspiration, Risk for Attachment, Parent/Infant/Child, Risk for Impaired Autonomic Dysreflexia Autonomic Dysreflexia, Risk for Blood Glucose, Risk for Unstable Body Image, Disturbed Body Temperature: Imbalanced, Risk for Bowel Incontinence Breastfeeding, Effective Breastfeeding, Ineffective Breastfeeding, Interrupted Breathing Pattern, Ineffective Cardiac Output, Decreased Caregiver Role Strain Caregiver Role Strain, Risk for Comfort, Readiness for Enhanced Communication: Impaired, Verbal Communication, Readiness for Enhanced Confusion, Acute Confusion, Acute, Risk for Confusion, Chronic Constipation Constipation, Perceived Constipation, Risk for Contamination Contamination, Risk for Coping: Community, Ineffective Coping: Commun

Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children [Hardcover]

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Book Description Nowhere else will you find such comprehensive pathophysiology coverage of disease physiology Product Description Well-known for its authoritative and comprehensive coverage, complete treatment of pediatric pathophysiology, and the most extensive illustration program in its field, this textbook features expert content on everything from the general principles of pathophysiology to detailed discussions of genetics and specific diseases. Chapters on alteration present the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evaluation and treatment of each disease to help you learn to identify normal anatomy and physiology, as well as alterations of function in adults and in children. Unparalleled coverage of disease processes makes this text the most comprehensive pathophysiology text available. The largest full-color art program in the field illustrates the clinical manifestations of diseases and disease processes Consistent presentations of each disease with pathophysiology,

Pathophysiology of Disease An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, Sixth Edition (Lange Medical Books)

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Review "The book does an excellent job of integrating basic science concepts with clinical medicine. Each of the organ system chapters reviews the normal anatomy, physiology and histology, then follows with the pathophysiology, clinical findings, and pathology of the more commonly encountered disorders. Additionally there are chapters on genetic diseases, immune diseases and neoplasia which similarly link basic science principles with clinical disease entities. Each chapter contains periodic "checkpoint" questions which guide the reader to the most important concepts. Each chapter also ends with several case studies with questions and discussions, similar to those encountered on board examinations." (Doody's ) --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. Product Description NOW in full color! A complete case-based review of the essentials of pathophysiology – covering all major organs and systems 4 STAR DOODY'S REVIEW! "Th

Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention Anxiety | Nursing Care Plan Peptic Ulcer

A peptic ulcer is a distinct breach in the mucosal lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or the first part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcer), a result of caustic effects of acid and pepsin in the lumen. Histologically, peptic ulcer is identified as necrosis of the mucosa which produces lesions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm (1/5"). It is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of peptic ulcer. Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs. Symptoms of a peptic ulcer can be abdominal pain, classically epigastric strongly correlated to mealtimes. In case of duodenal ulcers the pain appears about three hours after taking a meal; bloating and abdominal fullness; waterbrash (rush of saliva after an episode of regurgitation to dilute the acid in esophagus - although this is more associated with gastroesophagea

Clinical Manifestation of Peptic Ulcer

The symptoms of ulcers can disappear for several days, weeks, or months and can even disappear only to look back, often without an identifiable cause. Many individuals have symptoms of ulcer, and 20-30% had perforation or hemorrhage that without that precedes manifestation. Clinical Manifestation of Peptic Ulcer Pain : usually patients with ulcers complain of a dull pain, like a punctured or epigastric burning sensation in the middle or at the back. It is believed that the pain occurs when the acid content of gastric and duodenal increased erosion and stimulate the nerve endings exposed. Another theory suggests that the lesion contact with acids stimulate local reflex mechanisms that initiate the surrounding smooth muscle contraction. Pain is usually relieved by eating, from eating to neutralize the acid or by using an alkali, but when the stomach is empty or unused alkaline back pain arises. Local press that sharp pain can be eliminated by providing gentle pressure on the epigastrium

Primitive Reflexes in Newborn

Primitive reflexes in Newborn Glabellar Reflex Glabellar reflex (also known as the "glabellar tap sign") is a primitive reflex. It is elicited by repetitive tapping on the forehead. Subjects blink in response to the first Several taps. If the blinking persists, this is known as Myerson's sign and is abnormal. The afferent sensory signals are transmitted by the trigeminal nerve, and the efferent signals come back to the orbicularis oculi muscle via the facial nerve, the which in turn reflexly contracts Causing blinking. Doll's Eye Reflex Doll's Eye Reflex - as with a doll's eyes, Pls a baby is lying on her back, if you turn her head from side to side, her eyes fixed Remain. This reflex Lasts up to two months of age. Reflex rooting Rooting Reflex - Pls a finger or nipple is placed into the baby's mouth, the baby begins to suck. Also, if you lightly stroke the cheek, turn the newborn Will Towards the stroking and open her mouth to accept the nipple. This refl

Several Reflexes Examination Methods

Several Reflexes Examination Methods Corneal Reflex Cotton that has been provided, in rolled into a smooth cylindrical shape. People try to move the eyeball to the lateral by looking to one side without moving head. Touch carefully contralateral side of the cornea with cotton. Response that occurs in the form of blinking rapidly. Light Reflex Flashlight that was dropped in the eyes of pupils one try. Response that occurs in the form of pupil constriction homolateral and contra lateral. Periost radialis reflex Arm people try half ditleksikan at the elbow joint and a little hand dipronasikan. Tap the periosteum at the distal end radii os. Response that occurs in people trying to form the elbow flexion and forearm supination tangan.Pada this experiment looks a reflex that occurs in the try. Periost ulnar reflex Half of the forearm flexed at the elbow joint and the hand between pronation and supination. Tap on periost prosessus stiloideus. Response that occurs is in the form of hand pronat

Prevent Osteoporosis Early With Calcium Supplements

For growth and activity of the body, we need calcium. Calcium is a mineral essential for many body functions, including regulation of heart rate, nerve impulses, stimulating hormone secretion and blood clotting, is also required to establish and maintain healthy bones. Calcium can be found in many foods, and because our bodies can not produce its own calcium, so calcium intake from food and other essential resources. Even after bone growth stops us, we still need adequate amounts of calcium intake because the body always loses calcium every day through the skin, dead skin, nail growth, hair loss and sweating. Addition of calcium is also lost through urine and feces. Calcium is lost must be replaced every day through food. If our food does not contain enough calcium, the body will take it from the 'reserve' of calcium, the bones and teeth. And if this happens in the long run, then you will have porous bones and teeth. The National Academy of Sciences and the National Osteoporosi

Recognize and Differentiate Peripheral Vertigo and Central Vertigo

Here's how to recognize and differentiate peripheral vertigo and central vertigo : Peripheral Vertigo : an acute, while the Central Vertig o : a chronic or slowly (gradual). In other words, the duration of symptoms in peripheral vertigo occurs in minutes, daily, weekly, but repeatedly (recurrent). Common causes of peripheral vertigo is an infection (labyrinthitis), Ménière's, neuronitis, ischemia, trauma, toxins. Common causes of central vertigo is vascular, demyelinating, neoplasms. The intensity of peripheral vertigo: moderate to severe, while the central vertigo: mild to moderate. Nausea (nausea) and vomiting (vomiting) usually occur in peripheral vertigo and central vertigo is rare in. Peripheral vertigo is generally associated with the position of (positionally related), while the central vertigo is rarely associated with the position. Hearing loss (hearing loss) until the hearing loss (deafness) usually occur in peripheral vertigo and rarely occurs in the central verti

Vertigo Symptoms

Vertigo implies that there is a sensation of motion either of the person or the environment, often perceived as if the room is spinning around you. This should not be confused with symptoms of lightheadedness or fainting. Vertigo differs from motion sickness in that motion sickness is a feeling of being off-balance and lacking equilibrium, caused by repeated motions such as riding in a car or boat. If true vertigo exists, symptoms include a sensation of disorientation or motion. In addition, the individual may also have any or all of these symptoms : nausea or vomiting, sweating, and/or abnormal eye movements. The duration of symptoms can be from minutes to hours, and symptoms can be constant or episodic. The onset may be due to a movement or change in position. It is important to tell the doctor about any recent head trauma or whiplash injury as well as any new medications the affected individual is taking. The person may have hearing loss and a ringing sensation in t

Clinical Manifestation of Vertigo

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients (BBPV) will complain if the head turns on its specific circumstances. Patients will find it rotates or spins around her feel when going to bed, rolling from side to side, get out of bed in the morning, to achieve something high or if the head is moved backwards. Vertigo usually lasts only 5-10 seconds. Sometimes accompanied by nausea and often patients feel anxious. Patients can usually recognize this situation and try to avoid it by not doing movements that can cause vertigo. Vertigo will not happen if the head upright or rotating axially without the extension, in most of the patients, the vertigo will be reduced and eventually stopped spontaneously within a few days or several months, but can sometimes also up to several years. In BPPV did not get a hearing loss. The diagnosis of BPPV is made based on history, clinical symptoms ENT examination, test position and caloric test. At the anamnesis, the patient complained of head feels dizzy

Diagnosis and Management of Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a disease known to cause heating up and causing redness of the hands. Caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Leptospira that affects humans as well as other mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. The disease was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886 when he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". Leptospira was first observed in 1907 from a post mortem renal tissue slice. In 1908, Inada and Ito first identified it as the causative organism and in 1916 noted its presence in rats. I. Diagnosis of Leptospirosis Incubation period: 2-26 days (average 10 days) Main complaint Sudden fever Myalgia, especially on M. gastrocnemius nausea Headache particularly retroorbital oliguri There is a history of work-related animal blood, or with rat urine (butchers cleaning gutters, etc.) Signs and Symptoms of Leptospirosis Tenderness in the M. gastrocnemius Injection fairy-konjungtivalis jaundice hepatomegaly Labo

Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN® Examination (Saunders Comprehensive Review for Nclex-Rn) [Paperback]

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There is a reason Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN® Examination has been called "the best NCLEX exam review book ever." You'll find everything you need to review for the NCLEX exam under one cover - complete content review and over 4,500 NCLEX examination-style questions in the book and on the free companion CD! Don't make the mistake of assuming the quality of the questions is the same in all NCLEX exam review books, because only Silvestri's Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN® Examination includes the kind of questions that consistently test the critical thinking skills necessary to pass today's NCLEX exam. And, what's even better is that ALL answers include detailed rationales to help you learn from your answer choices, as well as test-taking strategies that provide tips for how to best approach each question. It's easy to see why Silvestri is THE book of choice for NCLEX examination review. But don't just take our word for it -

NCLEX Exam Practice Question of the Week 06/22

Elsevier NCLEX Exam Review Question: A 40-year-old woman has been diagnosed with hepatitis A and asks the nurse if other members of her family are at risk for "catching" the disease. The nurse's response should be based on the understanding that hepatitis A is transmitted primarily: 1. during sexual intercourse 2. by contact with infected body secretions. 3. through fecal contamination of food or water. 4. through kissing that involves contact with mucous membranes. Answer: 3 Rationale: Hepatitis A is primarily transmitted through ingestion of organisms on fecally contaminated hands, food, or water. Care should be taken in the handling of food and water as well as contaminated items such as bed linens, bedpans, and toilets. Hand hygiene and personal protective equipment such as gloves are important to prevent the spread of infection for hospital personnel. In the home, hand hygiene and good personal hygiene are important to decrease transmission. Sexual intercourse (1), c