Nursing Blog

History of Nurse Anesthetist In the United States Nurse anesthetists have been providing anesthesia care in the United States for 150 years. According to the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, nurse anesthetists are the oldest nurse specialty group in the United States. Additionally, in testament to the profession’s roots, today’s nurse anesthetists remain the primary anesthesia providers to U.S. service men and women at home and abroad. Among the first American nurses to provide anesthesia was Catherine S. Lawrence. Along with other nurses, Lawrence administered anesthesia during the American Civil War (1861–1865). The first "official" nurse anesthetist is recognized as Sister Mary Bernard, a Catholic nun who practiced in 1877 at St. Vincent's Hospital in Erie, Pennsylvania. There is evidence that up to 50 or more other Catholic sisters were called to practice anesthesia in various mid-west Catholic and Protestant hospitals throughout the last two decades of the

Areas application of psychology is the study areas where psychology can be applied. Educational psychology Educational psychology seeks to create a situation that support for students in developing academic skills, socialization, and emotions. Which aims to shape the mind set of the child. Industrial and organizational psychology Industrial psychology focuses on developing, evaluating and predicting the performance of a work that is done by the individual, whereas organizational psychology study how an organization influence and interact with members. Engineering psychology Application of psychology that deals with the interaction between humans and machines to minimize human error when dealing with the machine (human error). Clinical psychology Is a field of study psychology and also the application of psychology to understand, prevent and recover individual psychological state to the normal threshold.

Tight skin is the dream of all people, especially women. In addition to routine maintenance, you also need a balanced diet to have healthy skin. To prevent skin wrinkles, some foods are very beneficial when consumed. Most anti - wrinkle foods rich in antioxidants, which neutralize the effects of free radicals that attack collagen and elasticity of skin tissue. Some of these habits can be anti- wrinkling skin : Drink 4-6 glasses of water every day, wearing sunglasses, a hat, and sunscreen when in the sun, and of course do not smoke. Here are some foods that are beneficial for maintaining healthy skin, especially the skin to prevent wrinkles : 1. Blueberries Blueberries and other berries contain powerful antioxidants called polyphenols. Eat one serving or 1/2 cup every day, if possible choose organic berries. 2. Salmon Salmon and other cold water fish rich in omega - 3 fatty acids, which delays wrinkles by preventing inflammation and as a skin lubricant. Eat about 3 - ounce fish this typ

Bilirubin is the main product of the decomposition of old red blood cells. Bilirubin is filtered from the blood by the liver, and excreted in the bile. As the liver becomes increasingly damaged, total bilirubin increases. Most of total bilirubin metabolized, and this section referred to as the direct bilirubin. When the sections are increased, the cause is usually outside the liver. If direct bilirubin is low while high total bilirubin, this indicates damage to the liver or bile duct in the liver. Bilirubin contain dyes that give color to the dirt. If the level is very high, the skin and eyes may be yellow , resulting in symptoms of jaundice. Severe neonatal jaundice and is not administered properly can cause complications bilirubin encephalopathy. This occurs due to the binding of bilirubin acid free with a cell wall lipids neurons in the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum which leads to cell death. In infants with sepsis , hypoxia and asphyxia can cause damage to the blood-brai

Oxygen present in normal air and is very important for livelihoods and burning. Humans can breathe and work well if the air contains about 21% oxygen. In air containing 17 % oxygen, humans will breathe deeper and faster. Symptoms or due to decreased oxygen levels at 15 % is feeling uncertain, sometimes ears feel like ringing, dizziness and palpitations. The symptoms are more felt heavy with decreasing oxygen levels up to 10 %. In general, humans not to fall unconscious to the oxygen content of 13%. Symptoms or negative effects will be more severe if the oxygen level drops to 7%. Oxygen levels below 6 % , humans will experience very breathless and in a few minutes can dismiss heart rate. 6 % oxygen percentage is called the fatal point for oxygen. At a concentration of 20 % or 21 % no negative effects on humans, even pure oxygen did not show significant symptoms, provided that the pressure does not exceed the specified. For example, the " self-contained oxygen breathing apparatus &q

Together with calcium, vitamin D has long been known as a component to prevent osteoporotic fractures and maintain bone health. In some recent studies have mentioned vitamin D plays a role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. Perhaps inadvertently found a relationship that obesity is a risk factor for a number of diseases. Recent studies mention the evidence of an association between obesity and low levels of vitamin D in the body. Can not be known with certainty the cause of vitamin D deficiency, whether because they do not get enough sunlight, low dietary vitamin D or other factors. Study Wortsman et al. concluded that vitamin D deficiency due to obesity caused by a decrease in the bioavailability of vitamin D3 from food because the skin and accumulate in body fat. People who are obese will be less able to convert vitamin D into its active form. One of the functions of vitamin D has the function of helping the mobilization

Assessment of the client with herniated nucleus pulposus by Marillyn E. Doenges , 2001: 1. Activity / rest Client has a history of work that needs to lift heavy objects, sitting for long periods of driving. Requires board or hard mattress during sleep, decreased range of motion of the extremity in one part of the body. Not being able to do activities that are usually performed. Atrophy of the muscles in the body are affected and disturbances in walking. 2. Elimination Constipation, experiencing pain in defecation, presence of incontinence / urinary retention 3. Neurosensory Tingling, stiffness, weakness of limbs, decreased deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, hypotonia, tenderness / paravertebralis muscle spasms and decrease the perception of pain. 4. Pain / discomfort Pain like a knife wound that will be worsened by coughing, sneezing, crouching, lifting, defecation, lifting legs or neck flexion. Pain that there is no ending or the presence of more severe episodes of pain is intermi

Malaria is clinically characterized by paroxysmal attacks of fever, and periodic, accompanied by anemia, enlargement of the spleen and sometimes with pernicious complications such as jaundice, diarrhea, black water fever, acute tubular necrosis, and cerebral malaria. In parasitology known 4 genus Plasmodium, the clinical characteristics of different forms of the fever, namely: Plasmodium vivax , clinically known as benign tertian malaria caused the fever attacks that arise every 3 days. Plasmodium malariae , also known clinically as well as Malaria Quartana arising because of the fever attacks every 4 days. Plasmodium ovale , clinically known as Malaria ovale, with no fever typical pattern every 2-1 days. Plasmodium falciparum , clinically known as Malaria tropicana or malignant tertian malaria causes the fever attacks which usually occur every 3 days with more severe symptoms than other species of plasmodium infection. Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum

The cause of cerebral malaria is Plasmodium falciparum infection. The basis of disease of Plasmodium falciparum infection is the process of hypoxia due to obstruction of blood vessels in the organ. The mechanism of obstruction can be through a series of events, namely cytoadherence , sequestration and rosetting . Cytoadherence is ripe PRBC attach to the surface of vascular endothelium. It is known that the Plasmodium falciparum infection PRBC has the power or ability attached to other cells, the endothelial cells of blood vessels and fellow erythrocytes infected or not infected. This mechanism only occurs in capillaries and post-capillary. Rosetting is a phenomenon of attachment between the PRBC with one or more non-parasitic erythrocytes. When the bond involves more than 10 erythrocytes (PRBC and non-PRBC), then shape so as flower (rosette), so that this phenomenon is referred to as the rosetting. Sequestration . Cytoadherence mechanism in capillaries and post-capillary will cau

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is a sudden loss of blood supply to an area of the heart, causing permanent heart damage or death. There are different types of AMI, classified by the location of the actual event in the heart (e.g., inferior wall vs. anterior wall) or the type of changes seen on an electrocardiogram (ST elevation or non-ST elevation). Primary Nursing Assessment Airways Blockage or accumulation of secretions Wheezing or crackles Breathing Shortness of breath with mild activity or rest Respiration more than 24 x / min, irregular rhythm shallow Ronchi, crackles The expansion of the chest is not full Use of auxiliary respiratory muscles Circulation Weak pulse, irregular Tachycardia Blood pressure increase / decrease Edema Nervous Acral cold Pale skin, cyanosis Decreased urine output http://nursing-assessment.blogspot.com/2011/05/nursing-assessment-for-acute-myocardial.html Secondary Nursing Assessment 1. Activities Symptoms: Weakness Fatigue Can not sleep Settled lifesty

Dorothea Dix Biography Dorothea Lynde Dix was born on April 4, 1802, in Hampden, Maine. She was the eldest of three children, and her father, Joseph Dix, was a religious fanatic and distributor of religious tracts who made Dorothea stitch and paste the tracts together, a chore she hated. Dorothea Dix was a social reformer whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally ill led to widespread international reforms. After seeing horrific conditions in a Massachusetts prison, she spent the next 40 years lobbying U.S. and Canadian legislators to establish state hospitals for the mentally ill. Her efforts directly affected the building of 32 institutions in the United States. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, she volunteered her services and was named superintendent of nurses. She was responsible for setting up field hospitals and first-aid stations, recruiting nurses, managing supplies and setting up training programs. Although she was efficient and focused, many found her rigid, without

Here's Management of Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders show, perhaps better than any other disorder, the possibility of the relevance of the theory of psychoanalysis. In three dissociative disorder, amnesia, fugue and dissociative identity disorder, sufferers exhibit behaviors that are very convincingly shows that they are not able to access the various parts of life in the past is forgotten. Therefore, there is the hypothesis that there is a huge part of their lives that direpres. Psychoanalytic therapy were chosen for dissociative disorders than other psychological problems. Goal to lift the repression into everyday law, achieved through the use of a variety of basic psychoanalytic techniques. Treatment of dissociative identity disorder. Hypnotic commonly used in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder. In general, the idea is the painful memories of the recovery will be facilitated by recreating the situation assumed torture experienced by the patient. Genera

Anemia - 10 Nursing Diagnosis According to WHO Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiologic needs, which vary by age, sex, altitude, smoking, and pregnancy status. Anemia or anaemia is usually defined as a decrease in the amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. It can also be defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. There are more than 400 types of anemia, which are divided into three groups: Anemia caused by blood loss. Anemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production. Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells. Initially, iron deficiency anemia can be so mild that it goes unnoticed. But as the body becomes more deficient in iron and anemia worsens, the signs and symptoms intensify. Iron deficiency anemia symptoms may include: Extreme fatigue Pale skin Weakness Shortness of breath Chest pain Frequent infections Headache Dizzines

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting up to 70% of all people with dementia. It was first recorded in 1907 by Dr Alois Alzheimer. Dr Alzheimer reported the case of Auguste Deter, a middle-aged woman with dementia and specific changes in her brain. For the next 60 years Alzheimer’s disease was considered a rare condition that afflicted people under the age of 65. It was not until the 1970s that Dr Robert Katzman declared (rather boldly at the time) that senile dementia and Alzheimer’s disease were the same condition and that neither were a normal part of aging. Risk factors Ageing. Caucasian. Family history. Small increased risk - 3.5-fold increase if a first-degree family member is affected. It is more common in women. (67% is in women, and 55% in men, unlike other types of dementia.) Apolipoprotein E4 variant - the largest known genetic risk factor in late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease, but wide differences in prevalence of the genotype in populat

Nursing Care Plan for Malaria Definition Malaria is a parasitic infection of red blood cells caused by a species of Plasmodium protozoa transmitted to humans through the saliva of mosquitoes (Corwin, 2000, p 125). Malaria is an infectious disease with periodic fever, which is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted by mosquitoes similar Anopeles (Tjay & Prog, 2000). Etiology According Harijanto (2000) there are four species of plasmodium that can cause infection, namely : Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparumc. Plasmodium ovale. Characteristics of Mosquitoes According Harijanto (2000) Malaria in humans can only be transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. More than 400 species of Anopheles in the world, only about 67 were found to contain sporozoites and can transmit malaria. Anopheles mosquito breeding varies, there is in fresh water, brackish water and some are nested in a puddle of water on the branches of a large tree (Slamet, 2002, p 103). Characteristi

Endocarditis, Pericarditis and Myocarditis Endocarditis Most of endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci are microorganisms that live in the upper airway. Prior to the discovery of antibiotics, then 90-95% of endocarditis infection, caused by viridans streptococci , but since the presence of antibiotics, viridans streptococci cause infective endocarditis 50%, which is 1/3 of the source of infection. Another cause of infective endocarditis is more pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus , which causes subacute infective endocarditis. Other causes include fecal streptococci , staphylococci , gram-negative aerobic / anaerobic, fungi, viruses, yeast, and candida. Pericarditis 1) The cause of idiopathic or nonspecific. 2) Infection Bacteria: Streptococcus, staphylococcus, meningococcus, gonococcus . Viruses: coxsakie, influenza. Fungi: rickets, parasites. 3) connective tissue disorders - systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis. 4) The state of

Endocarditis, Pericarditis and Myocarditis Endocarditis Endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves and the endothelial surface caused by the direct invasion of bacteria or other organisms and cause deformity of the valve blade. Causing microorganisms including bacteria ( streptococci, enterococci, pneumococci, staphylococci ), fungal, rickettsial, and viridans streptococci . Infectious endocarditis is common in the elderly may be due to decreased immunological response to infection, metabolic changes due to aging and the increase of invasive diagnostic procedures, particularly in genitourinary disease. Pericarditis Pericarditis is an inflammation of the parietal pericardium, the visceral pericardium, or both. Pericarditis is divided up; Acute pericarditis, subacute pericarditis, and chronic pericarditis. Subacute and chronic pericarditis have etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management of the same. Classification of pericarditis, both clinically and t

Cardiovascular system is a system that gives facilities the transport of a variety of substances, and to the body's cells. The system consists of a driving organ called the heart, and the channel system consisting of an artery that carries blood from the heart, and veins that supply blood to the heart. The human heart is a hollow heart has two atria and two ventricles. The heart is a muscular organ that is able to push the blood to various parts of the body. The human heart is shaped like a cone and the size of a fist, located on the left hand of the chest cavity. The heart is covered by a membrane called the pericardium. The heart is responsible for maintaining the flow of blood with the help of a number of valves that make it up. To assure the continuity of the circulation, the heart contracts periodically. The heart muscle to contract continuously without experiencing fatigue. Contraction of the human heart is a myogenic contraction, the contraction begins excitatory strength of

Cholera is a disease of acute intestinal tract infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria enter the body through contaminated food or drink. The bacteria secrete enterotoxin ( poison ) in the intestinal tract so that there is an acute diarrhea accompanied by vomiting and great, consequently a person in just a few days to lose a lot of fluids and get in on. If dehydration is not treated immediately, it will continue towards hypovolemic and metabolic acidosis in a relatively short time and can cause death if treatment is inadequate. Giving ordinary drinking water will not help much, cholera patients requiring intravenous fluids or sugar and salt in the form of intravenous fluid mix of both. The spread of cholera Cholera can spread as an endemic disease, epidemic, or pandemic. Although many large scale studies conducted, but the condition of this disease remains a challenge for modern medicine. Vibrio cholerae bacteria multiply and spread through feaces of man, when

Do you have family members who suffer from Alzheimer's ? Do not just frustrated with the patient. As well as you, people with Alzheimer's need help. Here are some tips worth trying by families and patients suffering from Alzheimer's . Create a daily schedule that is simple, like a meal schedule, taking medication, bowel, and other routines that simplify your routine monitoring of the patient. This schedule is also useful for patients who are accustomed to doing something simple that maintain cognitive abilities. Use simple words so that patients can better understand the message you convey. Encourage the patient to talk about the past. This is to help stimulate memory. If necessary, use a tool such as the memorable photo, video, or song that can make the patient to remember the past. Lastly, do not ignore the feelings of the patient. Notice the small things that people noticed. Perhaps, a little thing that can make him regain his memory. Indeed, so far no studies or experts

According Doenges (2000: 152-155) basic assessment of COPD include: 1. Activity / rest symptoms: a. Exhaustion, fatigue. b. The inability to perform daily activities because of difficulty breathing. c. Inability to sleep, need to sleep in a higher body position. d. Dyspnea at rest or in response to activity or exercise. Signs: a. Fatigue. b. Restlessness, insomnia. c. General fatigue or loss of muscle mass. 2. Circulation symptoms: a. Swelling of the lower extremities. Signs: a. The increase in blood pressure. b. Increased heart rate or severe tachycardia, dysrhythmias. c. Distended neck veins. d. Edema not associated with heart disease. e. Faint heart sounds. 3. Ego Integrity symptoms: a. Increased risk factors b. Changes in lifestyle Signs: a. Anxiety, fear, sensitive excitatory. 4. Food and fluids Symptoms: a. Nausea or vomiting. b. Anorexia. c. Weight loss. Signs: a. Poor skin turgor. b. Edema. c. Sweating. d. Decrease in muscle mass. 5. Hygiene Symptoms: a. Decreased ability or in

Diet is one that is often done as a way to Lose Weight. Many types of diets that have been done to get the body shape and weight are proportional. Some are on a strict diet to have to make a diet program. But there are other ways to lose weight, which is the white water. Diet with water is long and many are doing in helping the diet program that is being done. " Adults who drink two glasses of water before a meal will help you lose weight to about 2 pounds, " wrote the Daily Mail, Thursday, July 4th 2013 The authors have reviewed 11 different studies on the relationship of water to the diet. The result, three studies show that consuming more water will help boost weight loss. So how to lose weight with water ? here are some things to do to lose weight with water. Make it such as taking drugs. Make a schedule and a target amount of water that must be taken on a daily basis. Drink 8 glasses of water a day, for example by making a schedule every 2 hours one glass of water. Bring

Weight loss program can be a powerful thing as How to lose Weight. This program can be very helpful if done in the long term, especially when it can be used as a way of life. You should be able to balance between food and activities in order to make this program well. Before undertaking a weight loss program, make sure you 're ready to change the lifestyle of weeks to lose weight. To decrease the amount should also be done at regular intervals and piecemeal. Ranging from 0.5 kg to 1 kg a week can be targeted first. It continues to be increased to achieve the ideal body weight or desired. The process of weight loss with the process slowly and properly can also help improve health. Tips to lose weight programs Make a target that reality. Many people who make targets that are too high in weight loss. The difficulty in achieving the target is too high to make many of those who surrendered . Therefore the set targets based on the ability to do. Choose what is the best option. Selection

Nursing Care Plan for Seizure Disorders Definition Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder characterized by the onset of the symptoms that come in attacks, repeatedly, which caused abnormal electrical discharges off nerve cells of the brain, which is reversible with various etiologies (Arif, 2000) Etiology The cause of the seizures of epilepsy are largely unknown (idiopathic) often occurs in : Birth trauma, neonatal asphyxia. Head injury, infections of the nervous system. CO poisoning, intoxication drugs / alcohol. Fever, metabolic disorders (hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia). Brain tumors. Vascular abnormalities. (Tarwoto, 2007) Etiologic factors affect the determination of prognosis. The main cause, is ; idiopathic epilepsy, remote symptomatic epilepsy (RSE), acute symptomatic epilepsy, and epilepsy in children based on the damage to the brain during perinatal or antenatal. In the classification there are two prominent types of epilepsy, is ; idiopathic epilepsy and RSE. From th

Exercise is very good for your health. However, it is not uncommon for many people complain of muscle pain experienced after exercising. Muscle pain that could interfere with your activities so it is important to take immediate measures to reduce muscle pain. Here is a natural way to reduce muscle soreness after exercise and fitness. 1. Cereal grain Cereal grain consumed after you exercise. The content of carbohydrates can help relieve fatigue by restoring glycogen supplies are reduced or depleted during exercise. This is very important in restoring energy supply after exercise to avoid drowsiness. 2. Cherry Fruit Many cherry fruit contains anti - inflammatory that can relieve muscle aches fruit is also rich in anthocyanin antioxidants that are beneficial to help healing. You can eat them in the form of cookies or juice. 3. Nuts Eating foods containing vitamin E is very good for relieving muscle pain. All types of nuts have a high content of vitamin E which has advantages in restoring

An easy way to eliminate pain in the neck. Pain in the neck will usually be very disturbing our activities. This is caused by many things some of which are one bedroom and also a state of mind that stress. Excessive neck pain is usually fatal and cause the neck is difficult to be moved. Neck pain relief tricky, if any action will be more dangerous for you. It is therefore very important for you to practice some easy ways to eliminate neck pain. 1. Lift the shoulder. Shrugged the first motion you have to do. Raising both shoulders pull a deep breath. Lift and drop your shoulders as high as possible while simultaneously wasting your breath. 2. Tilt the head. Other movements are slow, tilt head to the right. Furthermore drop right ear toward the right shoulder, if it has a maximum, the same action on the next side (left). Repeat 5 times, respectively, but no need for long and not be forced. 3. Stretch the chest. This movement can be done by putting your hands on the waist, then take a dee

3 Sleep Position Relieve Back Pain. Some people may have experienced pain in the lower back or waist. The most common cause of back pain is caused by muscle or ligament injury. These injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as improper lifting, overweight bodies, and bad posture. Other factors that also affect and lead to back pain is the sleeping position. Wrong sleeping position can also affect and aggravate back pain suffered previously. Sleep instead of making the body feel comfortable, but it makes you languish in pain. Pain in the back can keep you awake at night, when no proper sleeping position. Therefore, it is important for you to pay attention to body position during sleep. Here are three positions during sleep that can help you relieve back pain : 1. Lying on your side Usual sleeping position with the body facing up can make your back become strained due to the influence of the weight loads that lead to back pain. Sleep with oblique or sideways to reduce pressure on

High Cholesterol Levels and Physical Symptoms Knowing the levels of cholesterol in the blood is quite important as an attempt to prevent the coming of heart disease and clogged arteries . Typically , the examination can be done with a blood test in the laboratory . A simple check can tell you the numbers of total cholesterol , whereas for more complex examinations , we can get additional information such as LDL cholesterol ( bad cholesterol ) , HDL ( good cholesterol ) , and triglycerides . Cholesterol checks it should be done regularly to keep track of the health of the body as a whole . High Cholesterol Levels and Specific Physical Symptoms 1. Hands and feet are often sore The blood vessels in the feet and hands can also be blocked due to the buildup of cholesterol . This buildup generally occurs on an ongoing basis and make hands and feet aching . 2. Frequent tingling Tingling in the hands and feet are the implications of disfluencies blood flow in certain parts of the body . Numbne

Simple Movement to Relieve Neck Pain Not a few people who experience stress both physically and emotionally after an exhausting routine throughout the day . This is sometimes trigger pain or stiffness in some parts of the body such as the neck . Yes , pain in the neck , especially the more experienced of the job requires that she sit for long in a chair for the completion of their duties. If you include people who often suffer from neck pain , there are some simple tips to overcome them , without the need for special equipment . These tips in the form of simple movements are considered quite effective in relieving stiffness around the neck , and even helpful for maintaining concentration . Simple movements that can relieve neck pain 1 Lift the shoulder The first motion you have to do is raise both shoulders . Taking a deep breath , lift your shoulders up to the ears approach for approximately 3 seconds . After that , dropping shoulder throw napa . Repeat this 5 times . 2 Tilt the head

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences According to Howard Gardner, a leading psychologist at Harvard University, said there are eight intelligence possessed by humans, such as: 1. Linguistic intelligence People who have this intelligence is someone who is good at processing words when speaking or writing. This type of person usually likes to do crossword puzzles, play scrable, reading, written language and can interpret clearly. If people have this intelligence, then a suitable job is a journalist, poet, or a lawyer. 2. Mathematical or logic intelligence This type of intelligence is the person who has the intelligence in terms of numbers and logic. They are easy to make classification and categorization, thought the pattern of cause and effect, create hypotheses, and a rational outlook on life. Suitable job if this is intelligent scientist, accountant, or progammer. 3. Spatial intelligence They are included in this type has a sharp sensitivity to visual, balance, color,

Some methodologies in psychology , including the following : 1. Experimental Methodology How this is done usually in the laboratory by conducting various experiments. Researchers have full control over the course of an experiment. That will determine what will be examined in something, when to study, how often do research, and so on. In the experimental method, the nature of subjectivity from the method of introspection will be overcome. In pure introspection method, only the researchers themselves into objects. But the experimental introspection, the number of subjects a lot, that is, people who experimented it. With the breadth or number of study subjects, the results obtained will be more objective. Research methods generally begin with the hypothesis that prediction / forecasting, branching from the theory, is described and formulated so that it can be tested. 2. Scientific Observation On scientific observation, a case in situations arising, not on purpose. But the scientific proce

Chest Pain / Angina Pectoris Chest pain / angina pectoris. Complaints of chest pain in patients with coronary heart disease are most often perceived grievances. And chest pain in patients with coronary artery that has its own characteristics. As with chest pain like pressure, crushed, radiating to the left arm and arise during activity. Factors causing chest pain / angina pectoris among which: Coronary artery spasm. Arteriosclerosis. Aortic insufficiency. Severe anemia. Arthritis. Aside from the above etiologies, there are also other risk factors. Risk factors for angina pectoris is divided into two terms. Ie factors that can be changed (modified) and there is also a risk factor that can not be changed. As for which is included in the risk factors that can be changed are: Hypertension. Smoking. Hyperlipidemia (diet). Less activity. Stressor. Diabetes Mellitus / DM. Obesity / overweight. The use of oral contraceptives. Now that fall into the category of risk factors that can be changed

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs where the pulmonary acini fluid filled inflammation with or without infiltration of inflammatory cells into the walls of the alveoli, and interstitium cavity. (anatomically may arise or lobularis lobar pneumonia / bronchopneumonia. Note several factors that influence the occurrence of pneumonia are: 1. Lung defense mechanisms Lung attempted to remove a variety of organisms are inhaled as dust particles and other materials that build up in the lungs. Some forms of this mechanism include: respiratory tract anatomical shape, cough reflex, mukosilier system, phagocytosis system also performed by certain cells by eating particles that reach the surface of the alveoli. When the function is running well, then the infectious material that may be issued dare infectious respiratory tract, resulting in a healthy person would not be a serious infection. Recurrent respiratory tract infections caused by various components of the defense system of the lung

Psychological and Behavioral Disorders In Dementia Dementia is a condition where a person experiences a decrease in the ability of memory and thinking power, and a decrease in the ability to interfere with the function of everyday life. Form of disorder is striking that the decline in full behavior called social behavior (social skills) and this behavior can be broken down further into: ADL (Activity of Daily Living) is the ability of a person to take care of himself) begins from waking to sleep, bathing, dressing and so on until it goes to sleep again, substantially all the activities to take care of their own needs. Occupational behavior is behavior that is conducted one to run for his life work and earn a living, ie school, work, organization, religious practices, spend leisure time. Social participation that a person's behavior to comply with the obligations of living in a society such as members of the community, such as care ID card, driver's license, social organization,

Digestive system is the channel that receives food from outside and prepare to be absorbed by the body by way of the process of digestion (chewing, swallowing, and mixing) with enzymes and liquids which spread from the mouth (oris) to the anus. Indigestion is the obstruction of the digestive function or failure of the stomach to digest food. Poor eating habits can lead to a variety of digestive problems, such as heartburn, nausea, diarrhea, flatulence, dizziness, difficult defecation, flatulence, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Major disruption of the diet is not good belly feels hot (dyspepsia). Causes of Digestive System Disorders During Pregnancy 1. Excessive eating The food is packed stomach will inhibit the activity of the stomach so that the stomach acid can not come into contact with foods that taste in the middle of the hull. To overcome this problem are usually encouraged to eat in small portions, but with greater frequency. Because it is better than the frequency of 2-3 times t